我国奶牛养殖小区生产工艺与工程配套技术体系研究

近年来，中国奶业持续快速发展，作为我国奶牛饲养主体的农村散户小规模饲养已占奶牛总饲养量的80%左右。由于养殖规模小，设备简陋，饲养条件差，疾病难以防控，很多地方试图通过建设奶牛养殖小区来加以解决。但目前我国奶牛养殖小区还没有一套可供实际推广应用的生产工艺模式，小区没有科学的规划布局，工艺技术路线和工程防疫技术不到位，设施设备的配置不合理，饲养方式不统一，管理松散，缺乏计划性和全年生产的均衡一致性，无法从根本上克服这些矛盾。为此，作者在广泛调研的基础上，结合中国国情，提出了一套适合于奶牛养殖小区的舍饲散养生产工艺模式，并就该工艺模式的特点、生产工艺技术路线、工艺技术参数确定、配套设施与设备、小区布局以及工程防疫等关键技术进行了探讨，旨在为推进奶牛养殖小区的规模化、标准化的进程，提升我国奶业生产水平提供参考。     

Soil fumigation and compost amendment alter soil microbial community composition but do not improve tree growth or yield in an apple replant site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disease complex that reduces survival, growth and yield of replanted trees, and is often encountered in establishing new orchards on old sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been the fumigant used most widely to control ARD, but alternatives to MB and cultural methods of control are needed. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of soil microbial communities and tree growth and yield to three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and use of five clonal rootstock genotypes (M.7, M.26, CG.6210, G.30 and G.16), in an apple replant site in Ithaca, New York. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess changes in the community composition of bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil 8, 10, 18 and 22 months after trees were replanted. PCR-DGGE was also used to compare the community composition of bacteria, fungi and pseudomonads in untreated rhizosphere soil of the five rootstock genotypes 31 months after planting. Tree caliper and extension growth were measured annually in November from 2002 to 2004. Apple yield data were recorded in 2004, the first fruiting year after planting. Trees on CG.6210 rootstocks had the most growth and highest yield, while trees on M.26 rootstocks had the least growth and lowest yield. Tree growth and yield were not affected by pre-plant soil treatment except for lateral extension growth, which was longer in trees growing in compost-treated soil in 2003 as compared to those in the fumigation treatment. Bulk soil bacterial PCR-DGGE fingerprints differed strongly among the different soil treatments 1 year after their application, with the fingerprints derived from each pre-plant soil treatment clustering separately in a hierarchical cluster analysis. However, the differences in bacterial communities between the soil treatments diminished during the second year after planting. Soil fungal communities converged more rapidly than bacterial communities, with no discernable pattern related to pre-plant soil treatments 10 months after replanting. Changes in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities in response to soil treatments had no obvious correlation with tree performance. On the other hand, rootstock genotypes modified their rhizosphere environments which differed significantly in their bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal and oomycete communities. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprints of fungal and pseudomonad rhizosphere community DNA revealed two distinct clusters. For both analyses, soil sampled from the rhizosphere of the two higher yielding rootstock genotypes clustered together, while the lower yielding rootstock genotypes also clustered together. These results suggest that the fungal and pseudomonad communities that have developed in the rhizosphere of the different rootstock genotypes may be one factor influencing tree growth and yield at this apple replant site.     

谈园林植物病虫害防治

随着社会经济的发展,园林绿化工作取得了前所未有的成绩,园林植物的生态效益、经济效益、观赏效益日益凸现。与此同时,园林植物病虫害的发生也出现了复杂化、危险化的趋势,对绿地和风景区危害较大。病虫害常常导致园林植物生长衰弱和死亡,影响植物的生长、发育、繁殖及其观赏价值,甚至引起整株死亡,使绿化树种、风景林等林木大片衰败或死亡,从而造成重大的经济损失。在园林生态里,由于人类、植物、有害生物、环境条件和天敌等各组分之间存在着相当复杂的关系,所以其中任何一因子的变动,都会直接或间接地影响整个的城市园林生态系统。那么,在防治上要从生态学观点出发,在管理上创造不利于病虫害发生的条件,减少或不用化学农药,保护天敌,提高自然的控制能力,保持园林生态的稳定和可持续性发展。     

玉米抗粗缩病自交系种质的发掘和遗传多样性及其在育种中的应用

玉米粗缩病是近十年来危害我国部分玉米产区的主要病害之一, 挖掘抗粗缩病玉米种质, 进而培育抗病品种是防治粗缩病危害最经济有效的途径。选用184份常用玉米自交系(包括111份普通玉米和73份糯玉米)于2009—2010年在玉米粗缩病重发区江苏沿江地区农业科学研究所试验田进行田间自然鉴定; 同时利用117对SSR引物对供试的玉米自交系进行多态性检测, 按UPGMA方法, 利用Powermarker 3.0软件对184份自交系进行系统聚类分析。筛选出2份高抗(T877和YJ7)、6份抗病普通自交系和2份糯玉米抗性种质。基于644个SSR多态性位点, 结合系谱资料和育种实践, 将184份自交系划为9个杂种优势亚群。自交系4S及其衍生系(第VI亚群)和来源于美国杂交种78599的玉米自交系(第VIII亚群)为玉米抗粗缩病育种的重要种质。     

森林病害的环境影响分析

森林病害严重危害着森林资源和环境安全。采用系统工程的方法,应用解释结构模型分析了森林病害对林分、森林生态环境和人类社会环境等3个层面13个方面的环境影响。提出对策:一是以森林健康理念指导森林病害管理;二是严格检疫制度,加强动态监测;三是实施分类治理,分区施策,以减轻森林病害的环境影响。图2参15     

小麦黑胚籽粒营养品质的测定

采用洛阳农科所提供的小麦品种，对黑胚籽粒营养品质进行了测定，结果表明：小麦黑胚病感病品种黑胚粒中Mg、Ca的含量高于健粒，中感及高感品种黑胚粒中K、Mg、Ca的含量低于健粒；黑胚粒中Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu的含量有的品种高于健粒，有的品种低于健粒。小麦黑胚病使籽粒内粗蛋白含量增加，淀粉含量与氨基酸总量降低。     

鸡抗鸭副黏病毒病高免卵黄抗体的研制

为了寻找有效的防治鸭副黏病毒病的途径。分离出1株鸭副黏病毒,经鉴定并命名为鸭PMV DY-1株,并以此毒株作为免疫毒株,应用非鸡新城疫免疫健康鸡群作为免疫蛋源,制备鸡抗鸭副黏病毒病高免卵黄抗体,经实验室检测和临床试验应用。结果表明,研究获得的高免卵黄抗体应用效果良好,安全、高效,是目前紧急预防治疗鸭副黏病毒病较有效、较经济的方法之一。     

致猪水肿病大肠杆菌鄂E株SLT-IIeB基因的克隆、序列分析及原核表达

以湖北本地分离的致猪水肿病大肠杆菌鄂E株为模板,PCR扩增去掉信号肽和跨膜区的SLT-IIeB基因,将其克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-KG。同时对筛选出的阳性质粒pGEX-SLT-IIeB进行测序,测序结果与Genbank上发表的12个SLT-IIeB基因序列的同源性达100%,表明该基因保守性很好。重组质粒pGEX-SLT-IIeB经IPTG诱导后在大肠杆菌中实现了表达,SDS-PAGE分析表明表达产物GST-SLT-IIeB有特异性表达带,Western-blot检测证实表达产物具有免疫反应性。     

烟草蚀纹病毒对玉米矮花叶病防治效果的研究

为了研究烟草蚀纹病毒(Tobaccoetch virus,TEV)对玉米矮花叶病(病原为甘蔗花叶病毒(SCMV))的预防效果,在防虫网室内,采用人工摩擦接种病毒的方法进行生物学试验,并用RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR技术对预防效果进行了检测。结果表明,经过TEV保护接种后再接种SCMV的植株长势明显优于只接种SCMV的植株,其叶长、叶宽和株高的差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05);在只接种SCMV全部发病10 d后,有13.8%经保护接种的植株叶片开始轻微褪绿,极大地延迟了花叶症状的发生;攻击接种50 d后,经TEV保护接种后再接种SCMV的玉米植株,体内SCMV CP基因表达量为只接种SCMV玉米的0.113 4倍。说明,SCMV能够有效地减轻玉米矮花叶病的发生及危害。